La position de la S.H.C.

Mémoire présenté le 7 juin 2003 au Comité permanent de la Chambre des communes sur le patrimoine canadien chargé d’étudier le projet de loi C-36, «Loi constituant Bibliothèque et Archives du Canada, modifiant la Loi sur le droit d’auteur et modifiant certaines lois en conséquence»

BETWEEN WORLDS: A GROUNDED THEORY STUDY OF THE EXPERIENCES OF PROVISIONAL STUDENTS AT A FOUR-YEAR PUBLIC UNIVERSITY

Applicants for college entrance may be deemed able to succeed based on a variety of screening factors: standardized test scores such as ACT or SAT, high school grade point average or completion of college preparatory coursework. Rio Grande University (pseudonym) offered provisional admission to applicants who met all entrance requirements with the exception of completion of high school courses. Providing an opportunity to complete missed courses and to receive support through The Student Success Program, there was an expectation of transition to regular admission. The purpose of this study was to describe and analyze the experiences of a cohort of provisionally admitted students related to their persistence and completion of the baccalaureate degree or to their stopout or departure from enrollment. Using a naturalistic inquiry design, document review, in-depth interviewing and survey methods were used to collect data from three groups of provisional participants with differing perspectives on the problem of the study. Theoretical sampling (Glaser, 1999) methods were used for data analysis resulting in findings with implications for secondary and higher education leaders. Provisional students, a large percentage of who were first-generation in students in higher education experienced nontraditional secondary schooling that accounted for their missing coursework. Students with traditional high school also faced significant personal and family challenges that affected timely completion of required high school courses. Set in the context of underpreparation, students who were at-risk for college completion also had an external locus of control, believing outcomes were due to events beyond their control and experienced difficulty in successfully transitioning to the academic and social challenges of the higher education environment. This study underscores the importance of the students\u27 development of persistence behaviors prior to college entrance

Evolving dynamic networks: An underlying mechanism of drug resistance in epilepsy?

This is the final version. Available on open access from Elsevier via the DOI in this recordAt least one-third of all people with epilepsy have seizures that remain poorly controlled despite an increasing number of available anti-epileptic drugs (AEDs). Often, there is an initial good response to a newly introduced AED, which may last up to months, eventually followed by the return of seizures thought to be due to the development of tolerance. We introduce a framework within which the interplay between AED response and brain networks can be explored to understand the development of tolerance. We use a computer model for seizure generation in the context of dynamic networks, which allows us to generate an ‘in silico’ electroencephalogram (EEG). This allows us to study the effect of changes in excitability network structure and intrinsic model properties on the overall seizure likelihood. Within this framework, tolerance to AEDs – return of seizure-like activity – may occur in 3 different scenarios: 1) the efficacy of the drug diminishes while the brain network remains relatively constant; 2) the efficacy of the drug remains constant, but connections between brain regions change; 3) the efficacy of the drug remains constant, but the intrinsic excitability within brain regions varies dynamically. We argue that these latter scenarios may contribute to a deeper understanding of how drug resistance to AEDs may occur.Medical Research Council (MRC)Royal SocietyWellcome TrustEngineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC

The prevalence of Neospora caninum and co-infection with Toxoplasma gondii by PCR analysis in naturally occurring mammal populations

Neospora caninum and Toxoplasma gondii are closely related intracellular protozoan parasites associated with bovine and ovine abortion respectively. Little is known about the extent of Neospora/Toxoplasma co-infection in naturally infected populations of animals. Using nested PCR techniques, based on primers from the Nc5 region of N. caninum and SAG1 for T. gondii, the prevalence of N. caninum and its co-infection with T. gondii were investigated in populations of Mus domesticus, Rattus norvegicus and aborted lambs (Ovis aries). A low frequency of infection with N. caninum was detected in the Mus domesticus (3%) and Rattus norvegicus (4·4%) populations. A relatively high frequency of infection with N. caninum was detected in the brains of aborted lambs (18·9%). There was no significant relationship between N. caninum and T. gondii co-infection. Investigation of the tissue distribution of Neospora, in aborted lambs, showed that Neospora could not be detected in tissues other than brain and this was in contrast to Toxoplasma where the parasite could be frequently detected in a range of tissues

A ciência arquivística e o pós-modernismo: novas formulações para conceitos antigos

Process rather than product, becoming rather than being, dynamic rather than static, context rather than text, reflecting time and place rather than universal absolutes - these have become the postmodern watchwords for analyzing and understanding science, society, organizations, and business activity, among others. They should likewise become the watchwords for archival science in the new century, and thus the foundation for a new conceptual paradigm for the profession. Postmodernism is not the only reason for reformulating the main precepts of archival science. Significant changes in the purpose of archives as institutions and the nature of records are other factors which, combined with postmodern insights, form the basis of the new perception of archives as documents, institutions, and profession in society.This essay explores the nature of postmodernism and archival science, and suggest links between the two. It outlines two broad changes in archival thinking that underpin the archival paradigm shift, before suggesting new formulations for most traditional archival concepts.Processo em vez de produto, tornando-se em vez de ser, dinâmico em vez de estático, contexto em vez de texto, refletindo tempo e lugar em vez de absolutos universais—estas têm se tornado as palavras de ordem pós-moderna para analisar e compreender ciência, sociedade, organizações e atividade empresarial, entre outros. Estas devem igualmente ser as palavras de ordem para a ciência arquivística no novo século, e, assim, as bases para um novo paradigma conceitual para a profissão. O pós-modernismo não é a única razão para reformular os principais preceitos da ciência arquivística. Mudanças significativas no propósito dos arquivos como as instituições e a natureza dos documentos, são outros fatores que, combinados com insights pós-modernos, formam a base da nova percepção de arquivos como documentos, instituições e profissão na sociedade.Este ensaio explora a natureza do pós-modernismo e da ciência arquivística, e sugere ligações entre os dois. Também descreve duas grandes mudanças no pensamento arquivístico, que servem de base para a mudança de paradigma arquivístico, antes de sugerir novas formulações para conceitos arquivísticos mais tradicionais

“We Are What We Keep, We Keep What We Are”: Archival Appraisal Past, Present And Future

Arhivističko vrednovanje ima svoju vlastitu povijest te je vrlo prijeporno područje u sklopu struke, a i sve više unutar naših vanjskih zajednica. Ovaj članak analizira razvoj promišljanja vrednovanja kroz tri dobro ustanovljene faze: skrbni čuvar dodjeljuje odgovornost za vrednovanje stvaratelju ili upravitelju zapisa; povjesničar-arhivist neizravno donosi odluke o vrednovanju putem filtriranja trendova u akademskoj povijesti; i arhivist kao stručnjak koji izravno procjenjuje kontekste funkcije i aktivnosti kako bi razaznao vrijednosni značaj. Sad se nazire i četvrta faza: participacijsko vrednovanje s različitim zajednicama građana tako da bi se konačno mogle čuti tišine koje su dugo vladale našim arhivskim zapisima. Rad je izvorno objavljen na engleskom jeziku u časopisu Journal of the Society of Archivists 32(2011). Archival appraisal has its own history and is highly contested ground within the profession, and increasingly with our external communities. This article analyses the evolution of appraisal thinking through three well-established phases: the curatorial guardian assigning appraisal responsibility to the creator or administrator of records; the historian-archivist making appraisal decisions indirectly through the filter of trends in academic History; and the archivist as expert directly assessing contexts of function and activity to discern appraisal value. A fourth phase is now beckoning: participatory appraisal with various communities of citizens so that silences long haunting our archives may at last be heard. The article is a reworking of the opening keynote address the author presented to the Annual Conference of The Society of Archivists (UK), in Manchester, England, on 1 September 2010. He emphasizes the importance of appraisal as archivist’s first responsibility from which all else flows, as well as the need to remain extraordinarily sensitive to the political, social, philosophical, and ethical nature of archival appraisal, for that process defines the creators, the functions, and the activities to be reflected in archives, by defining and selecting in turn which related documents are to be preserved permanently, and thus are to enjoy all subsequently flowing archival activities (processing, description, preservation, reference, online posting, exhibition, and so on); and, with finality, appraisal also starkly determines which documents are destroyed, excluded from archives, their creators forgotten, effaced from memory. Among other things regarding appraisal, Cook tackles questions like how well do we mirror our societies, how in the past have we been defined by what we keep, or by what we have not kept, what do we try to keep now as archives, in following accepted appraisal concepts and strategies? He also challenges appraisal rules set by Sir Hillary Jenkinson and gives an overview of how appraisal evolved since Schellenberg’s times. Special reference is made to the various aspects of macroappraisal, which consciously attempts to document both the functionality of government and its individual programs that are themselves the creation of citizens in a democracy and to document the level of interaction of citizens with the functioning of the state: how they accept, reject, protest, appeal, change, modify, and otherwise influence those functional state programs, and in turn how these programs have an impact on society. Cook points out that in the concept of “total” archives, appraisal must include records of not only the wealthy, well known and influential in a society, but also the poor, deprived, marginalized, etc. i.e. it has to encompass all voices and allow them to be heard. As for the future, Cook predicts that appraisal will include citizen directly, as participant and partner, and perhaps as keeper. In that respect, he offers a vision of preserving these voices and sounds by “democratizing archives” and “archiving democracy”, in through participatory partnerships, with our fellow citizens, determining collaboratively and collectively with them of what society’s enduring archival memories should consist

Bots, Seeds and People: Web Archives as Infrastructure

The field of web archiving provides a unique mix of human and automated agents collaborating to achieve the preservation of the web. Centuries old theories of archival appraisal are being transplanted into the sociotechnical environment of the World Wide Web with varying degrees of success. The work of the archivist and bots in contact with the material of the web present a distinctive and understudied CSCW shaped problem. To investigate this space we conducted semi-structured interviews with archivists and technologists who were directly involved in the selection of content from the web for archives. These semi-structured interviews identified thematic areas that inform the appraisal process in web archives, some of which are encoded in heuristics and algorithms. Making the infrastructure of web archives legible to the archivist, the automated agents and the future researcher is presented as a challenge to the CSCW and archival community